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AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS

AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS,What are the solubility products?, What is solubility product principle?, How do you calculate the solubility of a product?, AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS



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PROPERTIES OF THE PERIOD 3 CHLORIDES

This page looks at the structures of the chlorides of the Period 3 elements (sodium to sulphur), their physical properties and their reactions with water. Chlorine and argon are omitted - chlorine because it is meaningless to talk about "chlorine chloride", and argon because it doesn't form a chloride. A quick summary of the trends The chlorides The chlorides we'll be looking at are: NaCl MgCl 2 AlCl 3 SiCl 4 PCl 5 S 2 Cl 2 PCl 3 There are three chlorides of sulphur, but the only one mentioned by any of the UK-based syllabuses (A level or its equivalents) is S 2 Cl 2 . As you will see later, aluminium chloride exists in some circumstances as a dimer, Al 2 Cl 6 . The structures Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride are ionic and consist of giant ionic lattices at room temperature Aluminium...
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF THE PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS

This page describes the reactions of the Period 3 elements from sodium to argon with water, oxygen and chlorine. Reactions with water Sodium Sodium has a very exothermic reaction with cold water producing hydrogen and a colourless solution of sodium hydroxide. Magnesium Magnesium has a very slight reaction with cold water, but burns in steam. A very clean coil of magnesium dropped into cold water eventually gets covered in small bubbles of hydrogen which float it to the surface. Magnesium hydroxide is formed as a very thin layer on the magnesium and this tends to stop the reaction. Magnesium burns in steam with its typical white flame to produce white magnesium oxide and hydrogen. Note:   If you are heating the magnesium in a glass tube, the magnesium also reacts with the glass. That leaves dark grey products (including silicon and perhaps boron from the glass) as well as the white magnesium oxide. Not...
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ESTERIFICATION

This page looks at esterification - mainly the reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids to make esters. It also looks briefly at making esters from the reactions between acyl chlorides (acid chlorides) and alcohols, and between acid anhydrides and alcohols. What are esters? Esters are derived from carboxylic acids. A carboxylic acid contains the -COOH group, and in an ester the hydrogen in this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group of some kind. We shall just be looking at cases where it is replaced by an alkyl group, but it could equally well be an aryl group (one based on a benzene ring). A common ester - ethyl ethanoate The most commonly discussed ester is ethyl ethanoate. In this case, the hydrogen in the -COOH group has been replaced by an ethyl group. The formula for ethyl ethanoate is: Notice that the ester is named the oppo...
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